Affirmative Action Wrong or Right - 1100 Words

Affirmative Action Wrong or Right Affirmative action is wrong and will not help solve the problems minorities face. The reason it is wrong is because its discrimination. It has no place in todays society in todays society because it does more bad than good. In addition to that most people dont enjoy the presence of affirmative action. Also, it appears that affirmative action can actually be detrimental to employees health. First of all, affirmative action is discrimination; there is no hiding it. When an employer hires anyone because he or she is a minority, even if someone else if more qualified to do the job, it is discrimination. Just because it is reverse discrimination, when whites are discriminated against and†¦show more content†¦In addition if we need to discriminate against white people to give minorities jobs now, it wont change. Giving someone a job wont do any good in making the quality of life of minorities better. Just because you enroll more minorities in your college, doesnt mean youre making the playing field even. When someone isnt good enough to get into a certain college, theyre out of their l! League when they get in. Only 15% of black and 22% of Hispanic affirmative action students accepted to Berkeley in 1987 graduated (DSouza 1990, 233). To give minorities a better life we have to fix the moral decay caused by the absence of two parent families to help minorities (Keyes 1996, 1). Affirmative action is also insulting to minorities because they may feel they have to be helped out just to get a job (Steele 1990, 37). A minority that benefits form affirmative action may feel that theyre inadequate for the job they were hired for. Every employee that benefits from affirmative action bears a mark of not being the best pick, but only the best pick from a limited group (DeWit 1996, 1). When one thinks about it, they will discover that they would get a better feeling of satisfaction if they got a job because they were the best person for the job, not because they were Hispanic. Employers may also feel cheated because they didnt get as good a worker asShow MoreRelatedEssay on Affirmative Action1094 Words   |  5 Pagesnot obtain the position. Affirmative Action sometimes causes this because companies have to hire a certain number of minorities relative to the size of the company. This means that if there are no minority citizens available, immigrants who aren ’t even US citizens can take the position. This is why Affirmative Action should be readjusted, because it is helping immigrants instead of the people it was meant for, American citizens. The fact is that the current Affirmative Action plan is helping immigrantsRead MoreAffirmative Action : What s The Right Thing?1320 Words   |  6 PagesArguing Against Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a rather complicated subject that is packed with nuance. It can be difficult to fully assess whether affirmative action is a good thing when discussing it in terms of what is just and what is unjust. Professor Michael J. Sandel argues in favor of affirmative action. However, the arguments he uses when presenting his case are not particularly strong. In the â€Å"Arguing Affirmative Action† section of his book, Justice: What’s the Right Thing to DoRead MoreArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action1494 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentation-Persuasion Essay Affirmative Action Ronald Spears 16 March 2012 Constitution Law Bonnie Ronson Wiregrass Tech. College Online Abstract: The terms affirmative action refer to policies that take race, ethnicity, or gender into consideration in an attempt to promote equal opportunity or increase ethnic or other forms of diversity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and education to public contracting and health programs. The impetus towards affirmative action is twofold: toRead MoreEssay on Affirmative Action1571 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative Action Affirmative action is one of the more recent and popular civil rights policies that affect todays society. Affirmative action can be described as nothing more than a lower educational standard for minorities. It has become quite clear that affirmative action is unfair and unjust. However, in order to blend race, culture, and genders to create a stable and diverse society, someone has to give. How can this be justified? Is there a firm right or wrong to affirmative actionRead More Two Views of Affirmative Action Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesTwo Views of Affirmative Action We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal†¦. Even before it became a nation, America was heralded as a land of equality. Thomas Jeffersons statement begs more than a few questions, one of which is: How can we ensure equality to everyone? Beginning in the late 1960s, the federal government provided an answer to this question in the form of affirmative action. In recent years, many people have called this policy into question. InterestinglyRead MoreDoes Affirmative Action Make Moral Sense?1084 Words   |  5 PagesDoes affirmative action make moral sense? A moral being is one capable of conforming to the rules of right conduct, but a big question that follows concerns the idea if there even is such a thing as â€Å"right conduct.† â€Å"Whatever can be proved to be good, must be so by being shown to be a means to something admitted to be good† (Mill 6). In John Stuart Mill’s book, â€Å"Utilitarianism,† he states this notion where an individual assumes good things are good without knowing why they’re good. Defined fromRead More Affirmative Action Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages The roots of Affirmative Action can be traced back to the passage of the Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal. There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. The nobility of the cause that help others. Affirmative Action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The mostRead MoreAffirmative Action : How It Impacted The American Society Essay1628 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract There are many supporters and opponents of Affirmative Action. The focus of Affirmative action is meant to be an attempt at equality throughout society. Every sector in America would be equal and unprejudiced. On the other hand, adopting affirmative action would force many employers to replace hard-working employees with those possibly less qualified simply due to their gender or ethnicity. Throughout history, people have been categorized into different groups. These groupings were basedRead MoreAffirmative Action On The Workplace1422 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action in the Workplace Affirmative action for many years has been viciously misinterpreted by many employers and managers that hire new employees. Affirmative action was designed to eliminate any discrimination among qualified employees that were competing for a job. However, in recent years it has backfired and created an entirely new discrimination. This problem arises when companies are told to meet a certain quota for each different race and gender no matter what the circumstancesRead MoreRacial Profiling And Affirmative Action1638 Words   |  7 Pagesand affirmative action, some might think that the two terms are not the same; it is possible that some people think that racial profiling is considered wrong, and affirmative action is considered right. However, they are the same, and both are morally wrong, but for different reasons. Racial profiling is morally wrong because in most situations, it is usually used by law enforcement in apprehending a criminal. However, it usually targets someone because of their race. It is also morally wrong because

Marketing Literature Review - 3985 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW Table of Contents Page †¢ Marketing as a management Function 3 †¢ Integration of marketing Function 7 †¢ Changes in Business Environment 10 †¢ Marketing Challenges 15 †¢ Bibliography 21 Marketing as a Management Function Marketing as a management function which in its simplest term refers to the basic functions of management namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling (POLC). These four functions are necessary for the achievement of organizational goals. It is important that these activities should operate in harmony with one another since they are interrelated. For instance, according to Cole (1996), a manager cannot just do planning and ignore the other aspects.†¦show more content†¦Motivation is an internal process that energizes people to engage in certain types of behaviours. Frederick Winslow Taylor’s Scientific Management Movement, was one of the earliest attempts to understand and to deal with the problem of worker motivation. Some major contributors to motivation theories are Abraham Maslow for the Hierarchy of needs theory, Douglas Mc Gregor for Theory X and Theory Y, Frederick Herzberg for Motivation-Hygiene Theory. Leadership has been defined by Dobbins and Pettman (1997) as the ability to motivate people to work towards achieving common goals, to make ordinary people display extraordinary performance. There are different theories of leadership with various stages at its development: traditional theories, contemporary theories and future of leadership. The major contributors to leadership theories are Handy (1993), Kouzes and Pasner(1993), Cacioppe (1997), R. Likert(1961), Blake and Mouton (1964), Fiedler (1967), and Hersey-Blanchard (1968). Controlling Controlling is the management function aimed at regulating organizational activities so that actual performance will conform to expected organizational standards and goals (Bartol 1997). Therefore, the controlling function consists of three steps: i) Establishing a standard or target, ii) Measuring current performance and comparing it with the standard, and iii) Taking corrective actions if deviations are detected. Control is essential at everyShow MoreRelatedMarketing Literature Review11908 Words   |  48 PagesMarketing Literature Review This section is based on a selection of article abstracts from a comprehensive business literature database. Marketing-related abstracts from over 125 journals (both academic and trade) are reviewed by JM staff. Descriptors for each entry are assigned by JM staff. Each issue of this section represents three months of entries into the database. JM thanks UMI for use of the ABI/INFORM business database. Each entry has an identifying number. Cross-references appear immediatelyRead MoreLiterature Review on Marketing2770 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Literature Review on Marketing This part of the thesis deals with the research and critical comments on various literatures related with the marketing activities that can be implemented by a firm to improve their business performance. Marketing Strategy: According to Ferrell and Hartline (2010) Marketing Strategy is both art and science where the firm finds or plans ways to deliver their value by fulfilling the needs wants of their potential customers. This helps in determining the marketing mixRead MoreLiterature Review Influencer Marketing1434 Words   |  6 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW : INFLUENCER MARKETING INTRODUCTION Influencer marketing has emerged as one of the fastest-growing social marketing practices as brand marketers look to connect with consumers and customers in meaningful and authentic ways often through the collective voice of active bloggers that are passionate and vocal about the brands they love. It represents a form of Word of Mouth marketing, which we define as an unpaid form of promotion – oral or written- in which satisfied consumers tellRead MoreLiterature Review on Marketing Myopia2738 Words   |  11 PagesContents Article 1: Marketing Myopia 3 Article 2: An Integrated View of Marketing Myopia 4 Article 3: Beyond Marketing Myopia: The Service of Small Railroads 5 Article 4: Futuristics: Reducing Marketing Myopia 6 Article 5: Reconsidering the Classics: Reader Response to Marketing Myopia 7 Article 6: Global Marketing Myopia 8 Article 7: Editorial: Marketing Myopia 9 Article 8: Extending the marketing myopia concept to promote strategic agility 10 Article 9: The New Marketing Myopia 11 ArticleRead MoreMarketing Research Literature Review1259 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing research I have chosen the market research because it is the very first step of most economical process. Philip Kotler (1994) define the marketing research as â€Å"function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information-information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; to generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; to monitor marketing performance; and to improve understanding of the marketing process. Marketing researchRead MoreLiterature Review of Global Fashion Branding and Marketing1445 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Literature Review This literature review examines the process of global fashion branding and marketing by looking at historical trends and methods used by different companies. The articles were chosen for their appropriates as global source materials which reflect some aspect of fashion branding and marketing. The attempt was to gain a comprehensive view of branding and marketing as they occur in the fashion industry and the how both are achieved. Review Marketing departments look to trendsRead MoreMarketing Mix – Literature Review and Company Example5234 Words   |  21 PagesDiploma in Sales Marketing - 66th Intake Module DSM 101-Marketing Principals Marketing Mix – Literature Review and Company Example Lecturer: Thomas Lim Team Members:Christopher Mark Charlton (team leader) Gary Chow Hock Meng Andrew Peter O Lai Wohlstand Cheah Rong Jin We declare this report is XXXXX words in length 1 Table of contents Introduction to the Marketing Mix 4Ps ~ page number 3 Marketing Mix 4Ps Place Literary Review Company Example of Marketing Mix 4Ps Place – Ritchie Bros.Read MoreDeveloping Effective Marketing Strategies for the Japanese Market: a Review of the Literature5919 Words   |  24 PagesInternational Journal of Management Vol. 29 No. 3 Part 2 Sept 2012 207 Developing Effective Marketing Strategies for the Japanese Market: A Review of the Literature Shinichi Hirokawa Argosy University Tsai-Ling Wu Argosy University Japan, as the world’s third largest economy, continues to be attractive to international exporters and investors. It is our argument that the forces of change that led originally to new and bigger opportunities remain the same, despite surface differencesRead MoreStandardization in International Marketing Strategy Is Doomed to Failure: Literature Review and Methodological Critique1577 Words   |  7 PagesStandardization in International Marketing Strategy is doomed to failure: Literature review and methodological critique. The literature on standardization of international marketing strategy has rapidly increased in amount since Levitt (1983) suggested the main concept that business strategies and their influences on firm performance should be universal through national markets which are very much alike culturally, economically and politically, in spite of limited empirical evidence focusedRead MoreMarketing Campaign For The Product Of Coca Cola1315 Words   |  6 Pagesto analyse of digital makerting campaign for the product, such as the diet coke, zero coke and regular coke. The marketing campaign is called â€Å"share a coke† for the product of Coca-Cola. In addition, this report will analyse the publishing social media and commuity social meida and will consider whether the campaign was successful in trem of two criteria for the analysis of marketing campaign the sales growth and increase in the proximity to the customer. This report will talk with the about Brand

Moving to the Foreign Contry Free Essays

Abdurashid Abdukhamidov ENG-095 Gina Love Cause/Effect Paragraph 30th October, 2012 Moving to the Foreign Contry Nowadays, as a result of looking for better conditions of life many people have been moving from their own city to another cities or countries. People in all over the world are developing the necessity to find their happiness, education, and a better work. Changing the place of environment or basically just moving to another country can affect people in many different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Moving to the Foreign Contry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The very first and one of the most common reasons is an education. Since, people are looking to a better education, they move to a country that can give them the possibility to be a good professional in the specific sphere of major/science. Also, the educational facilities and competencies of the schools in other countries may be better than the ones available in the hometown countries. There are some countries that have most developed and very famous universities in the world. Also read: Disadvantages of Foreign Workers Also, in some of the specific countries of the world, education is better improved and developed than the other ones. Younger generation nowadays, is mostly looking for the better and tougher way of gaining knowledge. Obviously, the qualified university is being the better choice for any student. Statistic shows that most of the immigrants made their immigration with the purpose of studying abroad. Also, the diploma of the foreign countries are more acceptable than the ones with lower rating and feedbacks. Foreign diploma gives students opportunity to get a better job, and make a way much better salary. Other most important advantages are self-development and learning the foreign language. Living away from hometown, makes people more confident and independent. People who moved to another country need to take care of every single thing by themselves. They are all responsible how to organize their lives, how to make a plans to achieve their goal of immigrating from their hometown into another. Also, people should be able to communicate with others. In order to build the communication with others, immigrants should learn the language of that country, and be able to use that language in the correct way. Apart from that, the language has different grammar or pronunciation, so immigrants should study a lot of things. Thirdly, it’s important for immigrants to be adapted to the foreign culture and traditions. No one should ignore or stereotype the other’s culture and traditions, and showing respect and greeting are the most important responsibilities of every single immigrant. Immigrants need to develop themselves to an unknown condition of life. Making new friends, respecting other’s opinions, developing their own point of views, accepting cons and pros of the living condition in another country can be a key to achieve their goals and make their causes of immigrating realized. These all can also count as an example of a knowledge of the life in general. Living far from hometown, even for a short period of time, can be really hard at the beginning. From general point of view, all changes make difficulties, but most of the time, changes give people opportunity to understand the value of everything and be appreciated. How to cite Moving to the Foreign Contry, Essay examples

Asia free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Sleeping Giants Essay, Research Paper China and Japan: Asia? s Sleeping Giants Of all parts in the universe taking for a bright hereafter, none is closer to that end than Asia. Asia, besides known as the? kiping giant? histories for over 60 per centum of the Earth? s population with China keeping a big sum of the 60 per centum. Economically, Japan is in the head of the universe with lone the United States taking them in the class of Gross National Product ( GNP ) . Both Japan and China are looked upon by a great figure of people as future leaders of the universe. What is singular about that statement is the fact that the two states, while they might hold commonalities, are so different. Some might presume that two states in the same part can non perchance have so many contrasting traits, but in the instance of China and Japan, this is the instance. Both China and Japan do hold features that they portion such as civilization and faith. The similarities end though when talking about the wellness attention system, the economic system and the authorities of both? hereafter world powers. ? The wellness attention system in China is one of the worst in the full universe. One would think that a state who has been granted Most Favored State position by the United States would be able to supply their people with equal wellness attention. The fact is that the Chinese authorities does non hold the financess to provide equal wellness attention to their over-populated state. Furthermore, the authorities in China faces the hard undertaking of whether or non to emphasize the quality of attention to the Chinese people or to distribute their medical resources to as many people as possible without the accent on high quality attention. China does hold a wellness insurance system in topographic point that provides free coverage for people employed in urban province endeavors. The job with the insurance system is that 80 per centum of China? s workers work in rural countries, non urban countries ( China Online ) . The hapless wellness system in China contributes to the low life anticipation rates and high baby mortality rates. Life anticipation at birth for males is 68 old ages while for adult females it is 71 old ages. The infant mortality rate in China is one of the worst in the state as it has a sum of 40 infant deceases for every one thousand unrecorded births. The chief job with the wellness system is non the inability of people to pay for wellness attention, but the fact that there is an unequal figure of resources. There is non merely a deficiency of human resources, but of existent medical specialties and instruments needed to help the people in China. While it would be obvious for one to turn to the authorities for aid, the authorities in China is the 1 at mistake because all the major medical installations are run by the authorities ( China Online ) . In contrast to the wellness attention system in China, Japan? s improved wellness attention system is one of the grounds why the Nipponese people are populating longer. Because of Japan? s bolstering economic system, the Nipponese people enjoy better life conditions and better medical attention. As opposed to wellness attention in China, there are a big figure of infirmaries all throughout Japan, non merely in urban countries. Besides the legion sums of infirmaries, there are besides clinics and wellness attention centres spread throughout Japan every bit good as wellness instruction categories in school. Furthermore, the riddance of pandemic diseases has been possible due to the wellness attention system ( Japan Fact Book ) . To acknowledge Japan? s superior wellness attention system, one merely has to look at the life anticipation and infant mortality rates of Japan. While China? s life anticipation rate is sixty-eight for males and seventy-one for females severally, Japan? s life anticipation rate is 76 for males and 83 for females. The most amazing statistic is that of the infant mortality rate compared to that of China. While China has one of the highest infant mortality rates at 40 deceases per one 1000 unrecorded births, Japan has a rate of four infant deceases per one 1000 unrecorded births. Besides in contrast to China, the authorities of Japan does non hold control of a big portion of the wellness attention system but has established 100s of medical centres throughout the state. The authorities besides provides a great public assistance system for their citizens in that they provide attention for the aged such as free scrutinies, home-help services, recreational and fiscal assistance service. Free medical attention is besides provided by the authorities to expectant female parents and to immature kids who come from low income households ( Japan Fact Book ) . While Asia, as a corporate unit, can tout of a great economic system, it is non due in big portion to China? s aid. China is a socialist state in which the authorities plays a big function in what is called a bid economic system. A state with a bid economic system relies entirely on what the authorities feels should be produced and sold and non on supply and demand. China? s soviet-style of a bid economic system has diminished slightly but when there is no sense of private ownership, jobs can happen. In 1995, when rising prices dropped dramatically, the authorities had a? hard clip roll uping grosss from states, concerns and persons, cut downing extortion and other economic offenses and maintaining afloat the big province owned endeavors? ( China Online ) . The authorities? s determination to establish Western ideals such as an? unfastened? market, has helped China increase their gross national merchandise quickly ( Minami ) . One of the chief grounds forestalling China from being a hegemonic economic power is their tremendous population. Because of China? s huge population, they have a little per capita income of merely $ 2,900 dollars, doing them one of the poorest states in the universe. China exports about 148 billion dollars a twelvemonth worth of goods such as garments, playthings and footwear. Agriculturally, China is the taking rice manufacturer in the full universe and is besides a taking manufacturer of wheat, baccy, maize and cotton. While they do export a great trade, China imports about 132 billion dollars of trade goods such as machinery, plastics, communications equipment and aircraft ( China Online ) . This means that they are merely gaining from 16 billion dollars which they have to set back into the authorities for the production of exports adding yet another ground that is forestalling China? s outgrowth as an economic world power. In crisp contrast to the economic state of affairs in China, Japan can tout fortunately of holding one of the strongest economic systems in the universe . Ranking merely behind the United States, Japan? s economic system differs from that of China due to the authoritiess minimum function in the economic system. In Japan, the resources are ever distributed through private channels instead than through the authorities, as in the instance of China ( Pilat, 177 ) . The authorities merely plays a function in the economic system by really apportioning public investing and by confer withing with concerns. Japan? s assorted economic system is responsible for the rapid rate of economic growing, particularly after WWII. Japan is one of the universe? s largest manufacturers of cars, steel and high-technology manufactured goods ( Pilat, 153 ) . Japan exports over 500 billion dollars a twelvemonth worth of trade goods in contrast to 148 billion for China. This is highly singular being that the size of Japan is comparable to the size of California while China is comparable to the size of the United States ( Japan Fact Book ) . Japan exports machinery, cars and electronic equipment while they import 330 billion dollars of trade goods such as groceries, natural stuffs and fossil fuels ( Japan Fact book ) . The willingness of Japan to merchandise with other states is besides one of the grounds why they are at the head of the economic ladder. The 3rd and concluding differentiating facet between China and Japan, every bit good as the most of import, is authorities. China has a communist signifier of authorities that has been installed since the yearss of Mao Zedong in the late 1950? s. The Chinese Communist Party is the portion in power now since president Jiang Zemin is the general secretary of the party. The Communist party is the? supreme depository of institutional power? in China ( Magstadt, 367 ) . The President and the Vice President of China are elected by the National People? s Congress for a term of five old ages. It is the occupation of the President to appoint the Premier and other members of State Council, issue orders of particular forgivenesss, proclaim soldierly jurisprudence, proclaim a province of war, sign pacts and receive foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People? s Republic of China ( Charlton, 186 ) . The National People? s Congress, dwelling of about 3000 deputies, is supposed to be, under article 57 of the Chinese Constitution, the? highest organ of province power? ( Charlton, 185 ) . Due to the big size of the Congress though, they merely meet one time a twelvemonth and do non play an influential function in the creative activity of Torahs. The caput of the authorities though, curiously adequate, is non the President of China, but the Premier. The Premier, Li Peng, is in charge of the State Council which is the head executive organ of the authorities in China. The Premier, along with the State Council, bill of exchanges Torahs, supervises the province beaurocracy, devises economic programs and constructs the national budget ( Magstadt, 367 ) . The chief job with the authorities in China is that the Communist party? culls elections as a valid step of either legitimacy or popular support? ( Charlton, 228 ) . Furthermore, the size of China every bit good as its diverseness contribute to tensenesss within the party due to the fact that 1 billion people can non perchance hold with a little groups thought on how the state should be run. In crisp contrast to the Chinese signifier of authorities, Japan has a parliamentary signifier of authorities. The political authorization in the parliamentary signifier of Nipponese authorities remainders with the premier curate and the cabinet. The Emperor is the head of province but holds no power with the authorities other than naming the premier curate, who is foremost designated by the Diet, naming the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, proclaiming Torahs and pacts and presenting province awards, all with the blessing of the cabinet ( Charlton, 166 ) . The Diet keep all legislative powers in the authorities and is popularly elected and consists of two houses, The House of Representatives which has precedency over the House of Councillors. The Prime Minister chooses the 20 cabinet members who are in charge of the one-year budget. As opposed to the communist signifier of authorities in China, Japan makes determinations based on consensus. The determinations, besides in contrast to China, is made by the organic structure of authorities which the citizens hold elected where as in the National People? s Congress in China, the organic structure that the citizens voted for bash non do any influential determinations ( Charlton, 185 ) . One of the most of import differences between Japan and China? s signifier of authorities is the ability of Japan? s citizens to organize political parties. In China, the communist party regulations over all. There are eight other little registered political parties but they are all controlled by the Communist party. In Japan, freedom to form political parties is guaranteed by the fundamental law ( Japan Fact Book ) . Parties in Japan include the Liberal Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party, Japan Communist Party, New Peace Party, The New Liberal Club and The Clean Government Party. One can see the diverseness of the people in Japan in that there are conservative every bit good as broad parties involved in the procedure. With Japan? s population at over 125 million and China? s at over 1 billion, one would believe that there would be more than one ideological idea in China other than communism. After observing the differences between the two great states, it is hard to believe that they belong to the same part. Both China and Japan have the capableness of going a world power with Japan closer to accomplishing the end than is China. China does hold the human resources possible but would hold to better economically every bit good as effort to stand for a larger range of the people within its boundaries. Japan is non merely fit economically but besides possesses a stable signifier of authorities that can be modeled after by other states trying to go capitalist societies seeking to make democratic ideals. The outgrowth of both states as world powers is something the remainder of the universe should expect because the? kiping giants? will rouse finally. Minami, Ryoshin ; The Economic Development of China ; St. Martin? s Press, New York, NY ; 1994. Pilat, Dirk ; The Economicss of Rapid Growth ; Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Brookfield, VT ; 1994. Charlton, Sue Ellen ; Comparing Asiatic Politics ; Westview Press, Boulder, CO ; 1997. Magstadt, Thomas ; Nations and Governments ; St. Martin? s Press, New York, NY ; 1998. China Online ; www.Asiadragons.com. ; America Online, 1999. Japan Fact Book ; www.japan.org. ; America Online, 1999.